NAME

     cdrecord - record audio or data Compact Discs from a master


SYNOPSIS

     cdrecord [ general options ] dev=device [  track  options  ]
     track1...trackn



DESCRIPTION

     Cdrecord is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an
     Orange Book CD-Recorder.

     The device refers to scsibus/target/lun of the  CD-Recorder.
     Communication  on SunOS is done with the SCSI general driver
     scg. Other operating systems are using a library  simulation
     of    this    driver.     Possible    syntax    is:     dev=
     scsibus,target,lun or dev= target,lun.  In the latter  case,
     the  CD-Recorder has to be connected to the default SCSI bus
     of  the  machine.   Scsibus,  target  and  lun  are  integer
     numbers.  Some operating systems or SCSI transport implemen-
     tations may require to specify a filename in  addition.   In
     this  case  the  correct  syntax  for  the  device is:  dev=
     devicename:scsibus,target,  or  dev=  devicename:target,lun.
     If  the  name  of the device node that has been specified on
     such a system refers to exactly one SCSI device, a shorthand
     in  the  form dev= devicename:@ or dev= devicename:@,lun may
     be used instead of dev= devicename:scsibus,target,


     To access remote SCSI devices, you need to prepend the  SCSI
     device  name by a remote device indicator. The remote device
     indicator is either REMOTE:user@host:  or  REMOTE:host:
     A valid remote SCSI device name may  be:   REMOTE:user@host:
     to  allow remote SCSI bus scanning or REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0
     to access the SCSI device at host connected to  SCSI  bus  #
     1,target 0 lun 0.


     To make cdrecord portable to all UNIX platforms, the  syntax
     dev=  devicename:scsibus,target, is preferred as is hides OS
     specific knowledge about device  names  from  the  user.   A
     specific  OS must not necessarily support a way to specify a
     real   device   file   name   nor   a   way    to    specify
     scsibus,target,lun.


     Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch  the
     boot   messages   for   more   information   or   look  into
     /var/adm/messages for more information about the SCSI confi-
     guration  of  your  machine.  If you have problems to figure
     out what values for scsibus,target,lun should be  used,  try
     the -scanbus option of cdrecord described below.
     If a file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, the parameter to the
     dev= option may also be a drive name label in said file (see
     FILES section).


     On SVr4 compliant systems, cdrecord uses the the  real  time
     class  to get the highest scheduling priority that is possi-
     ble (higher than all kernel  processes).   On  systems  with
     POSIX  real time scheduling cdrecord uses real time schedul-
     ing too, but may not be able to  gain  a  priority  that  is
     higher than all kernel processes.

     In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds  to  a  single
     file that contains the prepared data for that track.  If the
     argument is `-', standard input is used for that track. Only
     one track may be taken from stdin.



GENERAL OPTIONS

     General options must be before any track file name or  track
     option.

     -version
          Print version information and exit.

     -v   Increment the level of general verbosity by one.   This
          is  used  e.g.  to  display the progress of the writing
          process.

     -V   Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI  command
          transport  by one.  This helps to debug problems during
          the writing process, that occur in the CD-Recorder.  If
          you  get incomprehensible error messages you should use
          this flag to get more detailed output.  -VV  will  show
          data buffer content in addition.  Using -V or -VV slows
          down the process and may be the  reason  for  a  buffer
          underrun.

     debug=#, -d
          Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or  incre-
          ment  the  misc  debug  level  by one (with -d). If you
          specify -dd, this equals to debug=2.  This may help  to
          find problems while opening a driver for libscg as well
          as with sector sizes and sector  types.   Using  -debug
          slows  down  the  process  and  may be the reason for a
          buffer underrun.

     kdebug=#, kd=#
          Tell the scg-driver to modify the  kernel  debug  value
          while SCSI commands are running.

     -silent, -s
          Do not print out a status report for failed  SCSI  com-
          mands.

     -force
          Force  to  continue  on  some  errors.    This   option
          currently implements some tricks that will allow you to
          blank bad CD-RW disks.

     -dummy
          The CD-Recorder  will  go  through  all  steps  of  the
          recording  process,  but the laser is turned off during
          this procedure.  It is recommended to run several tests
          before  actually writing to a Compact Disk, if the tim-
          ing and load response of the system is not known.

     -dao Set Disk At Once mode. This currently only  works  with
          MMC drives that support non raw Session At Once mode.

     -multi
          Allow multi session CD's to be made. This flag needs to
          be  present  on  all  sessions of a multi session disk,
          except you want to create a session that  will  be  the
          last  session  on the media.  The fixation will be done
          in a way that allows the CD-Recorder  to  append  addi-
          tional sessions later. This is done by generation a TOC
          with a link to the next program area. The so  generated
          media  is  not  100%  compatible  to  manufactured CD's
          (except for CDplus). Use only for  recording  of  multi
          session  CD's.   If this option is present, the default
          track type is CD-ROM XA mode 2.  The Sony  drives  have
          no  hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2.  You have to
          specify the -data option in order to create multi  ses-
          sion  disks  on these drives.  As long as cdrecord does
          not have a coder for converting data sectors  to  audio
          sectors,  you need to force CD-ROM sectors by including
          the -data option if you like to record  a  multisession
          disk  in  DAO/SAO mode.  Not all drives allow multises-
          sion CD's in DAO/SAO mode.

     -msinfo
          Retrieve multi session info  in  a  form  suitable  for
          mkisofs-1.10 or later.

          This option makes only sense with a CD that contains at
          least one closed session and is appendable (not finally
          closed yet). Some drives create error messages  if  you
          try  to  get  the multi session info for a disk that is
          not suitable for this operation.

     -toc Retrieve and print out the table of content or PMA of a
          CD.   With  this  option,  cdrecord will work with CD-R
          drives and with CD-ROM drives.

     -atip
          Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute Time in  Pre-
          groove) info of a CD recordable or CD rewritable media.
          With this option, cdrecord will  try  to  retrieve  the
          ATIP info. If the actual drive does not support to read
          the ATIP info, it may be that only  a  reduced  set  of
          information  records or even nothing is displayed. Only
          a limited number of MMC  compliant  drives  support  to
          read the ATIP info.

          If cdrecord is able to retrieve the lead-in start  time
          for  the first session, it will try to decode and print
          the manufacturer info from the media.

     -fix The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a  TOC  for  a  CD-
          Reader  will be written). This may be used, if for some
          reason the disk has been written but not fixated.  This
          option  currently  does  not  work with old TEAC drives
          (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).

     -nofix
          Do not fixate the disk after writing the  tracks.  This
          may  be  used  to create an audio disk in steps. An un-
          fixated disk can usually not be used on a non CD-writer
          type  drive but there are audio CD players that will be
          able to play such a disk.

     -waiti
          Wait for input to become available  on  standard  input
          before  trying  to  open  the  SCSI driver. This allows
          cdrecord to read it's input from a pipe even when writ-
          ing  additional sessions to a multi session disk.  When
          writing  another  session  to  a  multi  session  disk,
          mkisofs  needs  to read the old session from the device
          before writing output.  This cannot be done if cdrecord
          opens the SCSI driver at the same time.

     -load
          Load the media and exit. This only works  with  a  tray
          loading mechanism but seems to be useful when using the
          Kodak disk transporter.

     -eject
          Eject disk after doing the work.   Some  Devices  (e.g.
          Philips) need to eject the medium before creating a new
          disk. Doing a -dummy test and  immediately  creating  a
          real disk would not work on these devices.

     speed=#
          Set the speed factor of the writing process to #.  # is
          an integer, representing a multiple of the audio speed.
          This is about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and  about  172  KB/s
          for  CD-Audio.  If no speed option is present, cdrecord
          will try to get the  speed  value  from  the  CDR_SPEED
          environment.   If  your drive has problems with speed=2
          or speed=4, you should try speed=0.

     blank=type
          Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing.
          The blanking type may be one of:

          help        Display a list of possible blanking types.

          all         Blank the entire disk. This may take a long
                      time.

          fast        Minimally blank the disk. This  results  in
                      erasing the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.

          track       Blank a track.

          unreserve   Unreserve a reserved track.

          trtail      Blank the tail of a track.

          unclose     Unclose last session.

          session     Blank the last session.
     If used together with the -force flag, this  option  may  be
     used  to blank CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked.
     Note that you may need to  specify  blank=all  because  some
     drives  will  not  continue  with certain types of bad CD-RW
     disks. Note also that cdecord does it's best if  the  -force
     flag  is used but it finally depends on the drive's firmware
     whether the blanking operation will succeed or not.

     fs=# Set the fifo (ring buffer) size to #.  You may use  the
          same method as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1).  The number
          representing the size is taken in bytes  unless  other-
          wise  specified.   If  a number is followed directly by
          the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' of `f', the size is  mul-
          tiplied  by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or 2352.  If the
          size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*',  mul-
          tiplication  of  the  two  numbers  is performed.  Thus
          fs=10x63k will specify a fifo size of 630 kBytes.

          The size specified by the  fs=  argument  includes  the
          shared  memory  that is needed for administration. This
          is at least one page of memory.  If no  fs=  option  is
          present,  cdrecord  will try to get the fifo size value
          from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment.   The  default  fifo
          size is currently 4 MB.

          The fifo is used to increase  buffering  for  the  real
          time  writing  process.   It  allows to run a pipe from
          mkisofs directly into cdrecord.  If the fifo is  active
          and a pipe from mkisofs into cdrecord is used to create
          a CD, cdrecord will abort prior to do any modifications
          on  the  disk if mkisofs dies before it starts writing.
          The recommended fifo size is between 4 and  32  MBytes.
          As  a  rule  of thumb, the fifo size should be at least
          equal to the size of the internal  buffer  of  the  CD-
          Recorder  and  no more than half of the physical amount
          of RAM available in the machine.  If the fifo  size  is
          big enough, the fifo statistics will print a fifo empty
          count of zero and the fifo min fill is not  below  20%.
          It  is  not wise to use too much space for the fifo. If
          you need more than 8 MB  to  write  a  CD  on  an  idle
          machine,  your  machine  is  either  underpowered,  has
          hardware problems  or  is  mis-configured.   The  sun4c
          architecture  (e.g. a Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page
          table entries for 16 MBytes  per  process.  Using  more
          than  14  MBytes  for  the fifo may cause the operating
          system in this case to spend much  time  to  constantly
          reload  the  MMU tables. Newer machines from Sun do not
          have this MMU hardware problem. I have  no  information
          on PC-hardware reflecting this problem.

          If you have buffer underruns or  similar  problems  and
          observe  a  zero  fifo  empty  count, you have hardware
          problems. The fifo size in this case is sufficient.

     dev=target
          Sets the SCSI target for  the  CD-Recorder,  see  notes
          above.  A typical device specification is dev=6,0 .  If
          a filename must be provided together with the numerical
          target  specification,  the  filename is implementation
          specific.  The correct filename in  this  case  can  be
          found  in  the  system  specific  manuals of the target
          operating system.  On a FreeBSD system without CAM sup-
          port,   you  need  to  use  the  control  device  (e.g.
          /dev/rcd0.ctl).  A correct device specification in this
          case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .

          On Linux, drives connected to a parallel  port  adapter
          are  mapped  to  a virtual SCSI bus. Different adapters
          are mapped to different targets on  this  virtual  SCSI
          bus.

          If no dev option is present, cdrecord will try  to  get
          the device from the CDR_DEVICE environment.

          If the argument to the dev= option does not contain the
          characters  ',',  '/', '@' or ':', it is interpreted as
          an  label  name  that  may  be  found   in   the   file
          /etc/default/cdrecord (see FILES section).

     timeout=#
          Set  the  default  SCSI  command  timeout  value  to  #
          seconds.   The  default  SCSI  command  timeout  is the
          minimum timeout used for sending SCSI commands.   If  a
          SCSI  command  fails  due  to a timeout, you may try to
          raise  the  default  SCSI  command  timeout  above  the
          timeout  value  of  the failed command.  If the command
          runs correctly with a raised  command  timeout,  please
          report  the  better timeout value and the corresponding
          command to the author of the program.   If  no  timeout
          option  is  present, a default timeout of 40 seconds is
          used.

     driver=name
          Allows to use a user supplied driver name for the  dev-
          ice.    To   get   a   list  of  possible  drivers  use
          driver=help.  The reason  for  the  existence  of  this
          option  is  to  allow users to use cdrecord with drives
          that are similar to  supported  drives  but  not  known
          directly  by  cdrecord.   Use  this option with extreme
          care. If a wrong driver is used for a device, the  pos-
          sibility  of  creating  corrupted  disks  is high.  The
          minimum problem related to a wrong driver is  that  the
          -speed or -dummy will not work.

          There are two  special  driver  entries  in  the  list:
          cdr_simul  and  dvd_simul.   These  driver  entries are
          designed to make timing tests at any  speed  or  timing
          tests for drives that do not support the -dummy option.
          The simulation drivers implement a drive with a  buffer
          size   of   1MB   that   can   be   changed   via   the
          CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable.  The simulation
          driver  correctly simulates even a buffer underrun con-
          dition.  If the -dummy option is present,  the  simula-
          tion is not aborted in case of a buffer underrun.

     driveropts=option list
          Set driver specific options. The options are  specified
          a comma separated list.  To get a list of valid options
          use  driveropts=help  together  with  the   -checkdrive
          option.   Currently only the burnproof option is imple-
          mented to support Buffer Underrun  Proof  writing  with
          drives that use the Sanyo BURN-Proof technology.


     -checkdrive
          Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and
          exit.   If  the  drive  is a known drive, cdrecord uses
          exit code 0.

     -prcap
          Print the drive capabilities for  SCSI-3/mmc  compliant
          drives  as  obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked
          with kB use 1000 bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with
          KB use 1024 bytes as Kilo-byte.

     -inq Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and
          exit.

     -scanbus
          Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print  the
          inquiry  strings.  This option may be used to find SCSI
          address of the CD-Recorder on a  system.   The  numbers
          printed out as labels are computed by: bus * 100 + tar-
          get

     -reset
          Try to reset the SCSI bus  where  the  CD  recorder  is
          located. This works not on all operating systems.

     -ignsize
          Ignore the known  size  of  the  medium.  This  options
          should  be  used  with extreme care, it exists only for
          debugging purposes don't use it for other reasons.   It
          is not needed to write disks with more than the nominal
          capacity.

     -useinfo
          Use *.inf files to overwrite audio  options.   If  this
          option  is  used,  the  pregap size information is read
          from the *.inf file that is associated  with  the  file
          that contains the audio data for a track.

     defpregap=#
          Set the default pre-gap  size  for  all  tracks  except
          track number 1.  This option currently only makes sense
          with the TEAC drive when creating  track-at-once  disks
          without the 2 second silence before each track.
          This option may go away in future.

     -packet
          Set Packet writing mode. This is an experimental inter-
          face.

     pktsize=#
          Set the paket size to  #,  forces  fixed  packet  mode.
          This is an experimental interface.

     -noclose
          Do not close the current track,  useful  only  when  in
          packet  writing  mode.   This is an experimental inter-
          face.

     mcn=med_cat_nr
          Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.



TRACK OPTIONS

     Track options may be mixed with track file names.

     isrc=ISRC_number
          Set the International Standard Recording Number for the
          next track to ISRC_number.

     index=list
          Sets an index list for the next track.  In  index  list
          is  a comma separated list of numbers that are counting
          from index 1. The first entry in this list must contain
          a 0, the following numbers must be an ascending list of
          numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds) that  represent  the
          start  of  the  indices.  An  index  list  in the form:
          0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start  of  the  track,
          index  2  100  seconds  from the start of the track and
          index 3 200 seconds from the start of the track.

     -audio
          If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written  in  CD-DA  (similar to Red Book) audio format.
          The file with  data  for  this  tracks  should  contain
          stereo, 16-bit digital audio with 44100 samples/s.  The
          byte order should be the following: MSB left, LSB left,
          MSB  right,  LSB  right,  MSB left and so on. The track
          should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not  possible
          to put the master image of an audio track on a raw disk
          because data will be read in  multiple  of  2352  bytes
          during the recording process.

          If a filename ends in .au or  .wav  the  file  is  con-
          sidered  to  be a structured audio data file.  Cdrecord
          assumes that the file in this case is a Sun audio  file
          or  a  Microsoft  .WAV file and extracts the audio data
          from the files by skipping over  the  non-audio  header
          information.   In  all  other cases, cdrecord will only
          work correctly if the audio data stream does  not  have
          any header.  Because many structured audio files do not
          have an integral number of blocks  (1/75th  second)  in
          length,  it  is  often  necessary  to  specify the -pad
          option as well.  cdrecord recognizes that audio data in
          a  .WAV  file  is  stored in Intel (little-endian) byte
          order, and will automatically byte-swap the data if the
          CD  recorder  requires  big-endian  data. Cdrecord will
          reject any audio file that does not match the Red  Book
          requirements  of 16-bit stereo samples in PCM coding at
          44100 samples/second.

          Using other structured audio data formats as  input  to
          cdrecord will usually work if the structure of the data
          is the structure described above (raw pcm data in  big-
          endian  byte  order).   However,  if  the  data  format
          includes a header, you will hear a click at  the  start
          of a track.

          If  neither  -data  nor  -audio  have  been  specified,
          cdrecord  defaults to -audio for all filenames that end
          in .au or .wav and to -data for all other files.

     -swab
          If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in
          byte-swapped  (little-endian) order.  Some types of CD-
          Writers e.g. Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives
          require  audio  data  to  be presented in little-endian
          order, while other writers require  audio  data  to  be
          presented  in  the big-endian (network) byte order nor-
          mally used by the SCSI protocol.  Cdrecord knows  if  a
          CD-Recorder  needs  audio data in big- or little-endian
          order, and corrects the byte order of the  data  stream
          to  match the needs of the recorder.  You only need the
          -swab flag if your data stream  is  in  Intel  (little-
          endian) byte order.

          Note that the verbose output of cdrecord will show  you
          if  swapping is necessary to make the byte order of the
          input data fit the required byte order of the recorder.
          Cdrecord  will not show you if the -swab flag was actu-
          ally present for a track.

     -data
          If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written in CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data
          is a multiple of 2048 bytes.  The file with track  data
          should  contain  an  ISO-9660  or Rock Ridge filesystem
          image (see mkisofs for more details). If the track data
          is an ufs filesystem image, fragment size should be set
          to 2 KB or more to allow CR-drives  with  2  KB  sector
          size to to be used for reading.

          -data is the default, if no other flag is present.

          If  neither  -data  nor  -audio  have  been  specified,
          cdrecord  defaults to -audio for all filenames that end
          in .au or .wav and to -data for all other files.

     -mode2
          If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written in CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data is a multiple
          of 2048 bytes.

     -xa1 If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written  in CD-ROM XA mode 1 format. The data is a mul-
          tiple of 2048 bytes.

     -xa2 If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written  in CD-ROM XA mode 2 format. The data is a mul-
          tiple of 2048 bytes.

     -cdi If this flag is  present,  all  subsequent  tracks  are
          written  in  CDI format. The data is a multiple of 2048
          bytes.

     -isosize
          Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the  size  of  the
          next  track.  This option is needed if you want to read
          the image of a track from a raw disk partition or on  a
          master  CD.  In  the  first case the option -isosize is
          needed to limit the size of the CD to the size  of  the
          ISO filesystem.  In the second case the option -isosize
          is needed to prevent cdrecord from reading the two  run
          out  blocks  that  are  appended by each CD-recorder in
          track at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot  be
          read  and  would  cause  a  buffer under run that would
          cause a defective copy.  Do  not  use  this  option  if
          cdrecord  reads the track data from stdin.  This option
          currently cannot be used to determine  the  size  of  a
          file system if the multi session option is present.

     -pad If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data
          will  be  added  to the end of this and each subsequent
          data track.  In this case, the -pad  option  is  super-
          seded by the padsize= option. It will remain however as
          a shorthand for padsize=15s.  If the -pad option refers
          to  an audio track, cdrecord will pad the audio data to
          be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data padding  is
          done  with  binary  zeroes  which  is equal to absolute
          silence.

          -pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.

     padsize=#
          Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the
          next  track  to #.  Opposed to the behavior of the -pad
          option, the value for padsize= is  reset  to  zero  for
          each new track.  See fs= option for possible arguments.
          Use this option if your CD-drive is not  able  to  read
          the  last  sectors of a track or if you want to be able
          to read the CD on a  Linux  system  with  the  ISO-9660
          filesystem  read  ahead  bug.  If an empty file is used
          for track data, this option may be  used  to  create  a
          disk that is entirely made of padding.

     -nopad
          Do not pad the following tracks - the default.

     -shorttrack
          Allow all subsequent tracks to violate  the  Read  Book
          track  length  standard  which requires a minimum track
          length of 4 seconds.  This option is only  useful  when
          used in DAO mode.  Not all drives support this feature.
          The drive must be accept the resulting CUE sheet.

     -noshorttrack
          Re-enforce the Red Book track length  standard.  Tracks
          must be at least 4 seconds.

     pregap=#
          Set the  pre-gap size for the next track.  This  option
          currently  only  makes  sense  with the TEAC drive when
          creating  track-at-once  disks  without  the  2  second
          silence before each track.
          This option may go away in future.

     -preemp
          If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent
          audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been
          sampled with 50/15 µsec preemphasis.  The data, however
          is not modified during the process of transferring from
          file to disk. This option has no effect on data tracks.

     -nopreemp
          If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent
          audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been
          mastered with linear data - this is the default.

     tsize=#
          If the master image for the next track has been  stored
          on  a  raw  disk,  use this option to specify the valid
          amount of data on this disk. If the image of  the  next
          track  is  stored  in  a regular file, the size of that
          file is taken to determine the length  of  this  track.
          If  the track contains an ISO 9660 filesystem image use
          the -isosize option to determine  the  length  of  that
          filesystem image.
          In Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use  the
          TEAC programming interface, even in Track at Once mode,
          cdrecord needs to know the size of  each  track  before
          starting  to  write the disk.  Cdrecord now checks this
          and aborts before starting to write.  If  this  happens
          you will need to run mkisofs -print-size before and use
          the output as an  argument  to  the  tsize=  option  of
          cdrecord.
          See fs= option for possible arguments.



EXAMPLES

     For all examples below, it will  be  assumed  that  the  CD-
     Recorder  is  connected  to  the  primary  SCSI  bus  of the
     machine. The SCSI target id is set to 2.

     To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the
     file cdimage.raw:

         cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw

     To create an image for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge
     extensions:

         mkisofs -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree

     To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris:

         mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt

     On Linux:

         mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt

     Go on with:
         ls -lR /mnt
         umount /mnt

     If the overall speed of the system  is  sufficient  and  the
     structure  of  the  filesystem  is not too complex, cdrecord
     will run without creating an image of the ISO 9660  filesys-
     tem. Simply run the pipeline:

         mkisofs -R /master/tree  |  cdrecord  -v  fs=6m  speed=2
     dev=2,0 -

     The recommended minimum fifo size for running this  pipeline
     is  4  MBytes.   As  the  default fifo size is 4 MB, the fs=
     option needs only be present if you want to use a  different
     fifo size.  If your system is loaded, you should run mkisofs
     in the real time  class  too.   To  raise  the  priority  of
     mkisofs replace the command

         mkisofs -R /master/tree
     by
         priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 mkisofs -R /master/tree

     on Solaris and by

         nice --18 mkisofs -R /master/tree

     on systems that  don't  have  UNIX  International  compliant
     realtime scheduling.
     Cdrecord runs at priority 59  on  Solaris,  you  should  run
     mkisofs  at  no more than priority 58. On other systems, you
     should run mkisofs at no less than nice --18.

     Creating a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been
     tested  on  a  Sparcstation-2  with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did
     work up to quad speed when the machine was  not  loaded.   A
     faster  machine may be able to handle quad speed also in the
     loaded case.

     To record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single  speed,  with  each
     track   contained   in   a   file   named   track01.cdaudio,
     track02.cdaudio, etc:

         cdrecord -v speed=1 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio

     To check if it will be ok to use double speed for the  exam-
     ple above. Use the dummy write option:

         cdrecord -v -dummy speed=2 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio

     To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660  filesystem  from
     cdimage.raw on the first track, the other tracks being audio
     tracks from the files track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:

         cdrecord   -v   -dummy   dev=2,0   cdimage.raw    -audio
     track*.cdaudio

     To handle drives that need to  know  the  size  of  a  track
     before starting to write, first run

         mkisofs -R -q -print-size /master/tree

     and then run

         mkisofs  -R  /master/tree  |  cdrecord  speed=2  dev=2,0
     tsize=XXXs -

     where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous  run  of
     mkisofs.

     To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run

         cdda2wav -v255 -D2,0 -B -Owav

     and then run

         cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo  *.wav


ENVIRONMENT

     CDR_DEVICE
          This may  either  hold  a  device  identifier  that  is
          suitable to the open call of the SCSI transport library
          or a label in the file /etc/default/cdrecord.

     CDR_SPEED
          Sets the default speed  value  for  writing  (see  also
          -speed option).

     CDR_FIFOSIZE
          Sets the default  size  of  the  FIFO  (see  also  fs=#
          option).



FILES

     /etc/default/cdrecord
          Default values can be set for the following options  in
          /etc/default/cdrecord.   For  example:  CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m
          or CDR_SPEED=2

          CDR_DEVICE
               This may either hold a device identifier  that  is
               suitable  to  the  open call of the SCSI transport
               library    or    a    label    in     the     file
               /etc/default/cdrecord  that  allows  to identify a
               specific drive on the system.

          CDR_SPEED
               Sets the default speed value for writing (see also
               -speed option).

          CDR_FIFOSIZE
               Sets the default size of the FIFO (see  also  fs=#
               option).

          Any other label
               is an identifier for a specific drive on the  sys-
               tem.  Such an identifier may not contain the char-
               acters ',', '/', '@' or ':'.

               Each line that follows  a  label  contains  a  TAB
               separated  list  of items.  Currently, three items
               are recognized: the SCSI  ID  of  the  drive,  the
               default  speed  that should be used for this drive
               and the default FIFO size that should be used  for
               this  drive. The values for speed and fifosize may
               be set to -1 to tell cdrecord to  use  the  global
               defaults.  A typical line may look this way:

               teac1= 0,5,0   4    8m

               yamaha= 1,6,0  -1   -1

               This tells cdrecord that a drive named teac1 is at
               scsibus 0, target 5, lun 0 and should be used with
               speed 4 and a FIFO size of 8 MB.  A  second  drive
               may  be  found  at  scsibus 1, target 6, lun 0 and
               uses the default speed and the default FIFO size.



SEE ALSO

     cdda2wav(1), readcd(1), scg(7), fbk(7), mkisofs(8).



NOTES

     On Solaris you need to stop the  volume  management  if  you
     like  to  use  the  USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even
     things like cdrecord -scanbus will not work  if  the  volume
     management is running.

     Disks made in Track At Once mode are not suitable as a  mas-
     ter  for  direct  mass  production by CD manufacturers.  You
     will need the disk at once  option  to  record  such  disks.
     Nevertheless  the  disks made in Track At Once will normally
     be read in all CD players. Some old audio CD players however
     may produce a two second click between two audio tracks.

     The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors.  If
     you  write  smaller  tracks,  the CD-Recorder will add dummy
     blocks. This is not an error,  even  though  the  SCSI-error
     message looks this way.

     Cdrecord has been tested  on  an  upgraded  Philips  CDD-521
     recorder at single and double speed on a SparcStation 20/502
     with no problems, slower computer systems should work  also.
     The  newer  Philips/HP/Plasmon/Grundig  drives  as  well  as
     Yamaha CDR-100 and CDR-102 work also.  The  Plasmon  RF-4100
     work,  but  has not tested in multi session.  A Philips CDD-
     521 that has not been upgraded  will  not  work.   The  Sony
     CDU-924  has  been  tested, but does not support XA-mode2 in
     hardware.  The sony therefore cannot create conforming multi
     session  disks.   The  Ricoh RO-1420C works, but some people
     seem to have problems to use them with speed=2, try  speed=0
     in this case.

     The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming  drives
     are supported in single and multi-session.

     You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your
     drive  with  the  -dummy  option  turned on if you are using
     cdrecord on an unknown system. Writing a CD  is  a  realtime
     process.  NFS  will not always deliver constantly the needed
     data rates.  If you want to use cdrecord with CD-images that
     are  located  on  a NFS mounted filesystem, be sure that the
     fifo size is big enough.  I used cdrecord with  with  medium
     load   on   a   SS20/502   and  even  at  quad  speed  on  a
     Sparcstation-2 which was heavily loaded, but  it  is  recom-
     mended  to  leave  the  system as lightly loaded as possible
     while writing a CD.  If you want to make  sure  that  buffer
     underrungs  are  not caused by your source disk, you may use
     the command

         cdrecord -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null

     to create a disk  that  is  entirely  made  of  dummy  data.
     Cdrecord needs to run as root to get access to the /dev/scg?
     device nodes and to be able to lock itself into memory.

     If you don't want to allow users to become root on your sys-
     tem, cdrecord may safely be installed suid root. This allows
     all users or a group of users with no root privileges to use
     cdrecord.  Cdrecord  in  this  case checks, if the real user
     would have been able to read the specified files.   To  give
     all user access to use cdrecord, enter:

          chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
          chmod 4711 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord

     To give a restricted  group  of  users  access  to  cdrecord
     enter:

          chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
          chgrp cdburners /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
          chmod 4710 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord

     and add a group cdburners on your system.

     Never give write permissions  for  non  root  users  to  the
     /dev/scg?   devices   unless  you  would  allow  anybody  to
     read/write/format all your disks.

     You should not  connect  old  drives  that  do  not  support
     disconnect/reconnect  to  either  the  SCSI bus that is con-
     nected to the CD-Recorder or the source disk.

     A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.

     When creating a disc with both audio and  data  tracks,  the
     data  should  be  on  track  1 otherwise you should create a
     CDplus disk which is a multi session  disk  with  the  first
     session  containing  the audio tracks and the following ses-
     sion containing the data track.

     Many operating systems are not able to read more than a sin-
     gle data track, or need special software to do so.

     More information on the SCSI command set of a HP CD-Recorder
     can be found at:
          http://www.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html

     If you have more information or  SCSI  command  manuals  for
     currently   unsupported   CD-Recorders  please  contact  the
     author.

     The Philips CDD 521 CD-Recorder (even in the  upgraded  ver-
     sion) has several firmware bugs. Some of them will force you
     to power cycle the device or to reboot the machine.

     When using cdrecord  with  the  broken  Linux  SCSI  generic
     driver.  You  should  note  that  cdrecord uses a hack, that
     tries to  emulate  the  functionality  of  the  scg  driver.
     Unfortunately,  the  sg  driver  on Linux has several severe
     bugs:

     o    It cannot see if a SCSI command could not  be  sent  at
          all.

     o    It cannot get the SCSI status byte. Cdrecord  for  that
          reason  cannot  report  failing  SCSI  commands in some
          situations.

     o    It cannot get real DMA count of transfer. Cdrecord can-
          not tell you if there is an DMA residual count.

     o    It cannot get number of bytes valid in auto sense data.
          Cdrecord  cannot  tell you if device transfers no sense
          data at all.

     o    It  fetches  to  few  data  in   auto   request   sense
          (CCS/SCSI-2/SCSI-3 needs >= 18).

     The fifo percent output is computed just after  a  block  of
     data  has  been written to the CD-Recorder. For this reason,
     there will never be 100% fifo fill, while  the  fifo  is  in
     streaming mode.



DIAGNOSTICS

     You have 9 seconds to type ^C to abort  cdrecord  after  you
     see the message:

     Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session.

     A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:

          cdrecord: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
          CDB:  00 20 00 00 00 00
          status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
          Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
          Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
          Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
          Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
          cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

     The first line gives information about the transport of  the
     command.   The  text  after  the first colon gives the error
     text for the system call from the view  of  the  kernel.  It
     usually  is:   I/O  error  unless other problems happen. The
     next words contain a short description for the SCSI  command
     that fails. The rest of the line tells you if there were any
     problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus.
     fatal  error means that it was not possible to transport the
     command (i.e.  no  device  present  at  the  requested  SCSI
     address).

     The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for
     the failed command.

     The third line gives information on  the  SCSI  status  code
     returned  by  the  command,  if the transport of the command
     succeeds. This is error information from the SCSI device.

     The fourth line is a hex dump  of  the  auto  request  sense
     information for the command.

     The fifth line is the error text for the sense key if avail-
     able,  followed  by the segment number that is only valid if
     the command was a copy command. If the error message is  not
     directly  related  to the current command, the text deferred
     error is appended.

     The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and  the
     sense  qualifier if available.  If the type of the device is
     known, the sense data is decoded from tables in scsierrs.c .
     The text is followed by the error value for a field replace-
     able unit.

     The seventh line prints the block number that is related  to
     the  failed  command  and  text for several error flags. The
     block number may not be valid.

     The eight line reports the timeout set up for  this  commans
     and the time that the command realy needed to be finished.

     The following message is not an error:
          Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
          cdrecord: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
          CDB:  35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
          status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
          Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
          Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
          Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
          Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
          cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

     It simply notifies, that a track that is  smaller  than  the
     minimum size has been expanded to 300 sectors.


BUGS

     Cdrecord has even more options than ls.

     Cdrecord currently only warns if the input data will not fit
     on  the  disk.   If you don't abort the command you will get
     unpredictable results.

     There should be an option to write index numbers  for  audio
     tracks.

     There should be a recover option to make disks usable,  that
     have been written during a power failure.



CREDITS

     Bill Swartz    (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
                    For helping me with the TEAC driver support

     Aaron Newsome  (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
                    For letting me develop Sony  support  on  his
                    drive

     Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
                    For supplying mkisofs

     Gadi Oxman     (gadio@netvision.net.il)
                    For tips on the ATAPI standard

     Finn Arne Gangstad  (finnag@guardian.no)
                    For the first FIFO implementation.

     Dave Platt     (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
                    For creating the experimental packet  writing
                    support,  the  first  implementation of CD-RW
                    blanking support, the first .wav file decoder
                    and many nice discussions on cdrecord.

     Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
                    For the first implementation os a  BSDI  SCSI
                    rtansport.

     Grant R. Guenther   (grant@torque.net)
                    For creating the first  parallel  port  tran-
                    sport implementation for Linux.

     Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
                    for  providing  the  CAM  port  for   FreeBSD
                    together       with       Michael       Smith
                    (msmith@freebsd.org)



MAILING LISTS

     If you want to actively take  part  on  the  development  of
     cdrecord, you may join the cdwriting mailing list by sending
     mail to:

          other-cdwrite-request@lists.debian.org

     and include the  word  subscribe  in  the  body.   The  mail
     address of the list is:

          other-cdwrite@lists.debian.org



AUTHOR

     Joerg Schilling
     Seestr. 110
     D-13353 Berlin
     Germany

     Additional information can be found on:
     http://www.fokus.gmd.de/usr/schilling/cdrecord.html

     If you have support questions, send them to:

     cdrecord-support@berlios.de
     or other-cdwrite@lists.debian.org

     Of you definitly found a bug, send a mail to:

     cdrecord-developers@berlios.de
     or schilling@fokus.gmd.de

     To subscribe, use:

     http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers
     or http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-support




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